Ethics in Today’s Organizations Case Study

Past Petroleum (BP) is a British oil organization that was established longer than a century back by a well-to-do agent, William D’Arcy. D’Arcy put the entirety of his cash into looking for oil in the Middle East; a choice that about bankrupted him, since it took six years before any oil could be tapped. Note that finding the oil was by all account not the only issue BP, or Anglo-Persian Oil Company around then, confronted; moving the oils was simply of a troublesome errand to move. They chose to fabricate a pipeline over the locale †an endeavor that endured over two years. (Ferrell et al., 2011, p. 432)By the mid 1900s BP was again coming up short on cash, until Winston Churchill persuaded parliament to permit BP to gracefully the navy’s fuel. It was a British organization, all things considered, so it would bolster Britain’s interests. England at that point got one of the company’s greatest investors. This is huge in light of the fact that th is case helped flash the discussion over legislative issues and governments’ interests in oil organizations â€a subject that is still discussed today. (Ferrell et al. , 2011, p. 432) After the mid-twentieth century oil was sought after because of vehicles being mass produced.However in the mid 1970s, political unrest in the Middle East caused oil creation there to tumble from 140 million to 500 barrels (Ferrell et al. , 2011, p. 432). With the interest for oil still high and the flexibly low, BP had to discover other undiscovered oil supplies. BP discovered some oil fields in spots, for example, Alaska and off the shore of Scotland. These disengaged areas for boring again constrained lifted inventiveness of BP architects, and they started to improve better approaches to tap and transport the oil. One of these thoughts was the Trans-Alaskan Pipeline, â€Å"the biggest structural designing venture in North America, estimating 746 miles long† (Ferrell et al. , 2011, p. 433).BP put forth legit attempts to guarantee nature around penetrating ventures would be protected. Notwithstanding, now and again these endeavors were obstructed, which has gotten one of the focal moral issues for BP, in addition to other things, including charges of death and misrepresentation. (Ferrell et al. , 2011, p. 433-434). BP has as of late tried to upgrade their manageability. With an end goal to fix its picture and take advantage of a lucky break to put resources into future capital, BP has put resources into creating other vitality sources, for example, wind, sun powered, and biofuels.BP has additionally has conceded to decreasing ozone depleting substance outflows and diminishing their commitment to a worldwide temperature alteration, by making the previously mentioned energies as divider as putting resources into rehearses like carbon sequestration and capacity (Ferrell et al. , 2011, p. 435-436). Examination What is the absolute most significant moral issue intro duced for the situation, how has the issue influenced explicit partners? I think the absolute most significant issue introduced for the situation is an absence of natural responsibility.BP inadequately keep up their oil boring and moving hardware, and these â€Å"non-actions† add to the various oil slicks throughout the years which demolish the earth †murdering plants and creatures, just as the blasts which are answerable for guaranteeing a few human lives. These issues accumulate the most media inclusion, just as examining by tree huggers and other particular vested parties. These auxiliary partners impact the courts and governments to punish organizations like BP for this sort of flighty behavior.The negative reports debilitate investors and workers. Sadly, I think the most clients, care more about the cost of gas than which organization they are buying it from. What has the organization done to address their moral issues, what might they be able to do any other way to stay away from future moral issues? BP has attempted to address natural issues by a) basically recognizing that environmental change is occurring and it is a man-distraught issue, and b) contributing roughly $1. 4 billion in making supplies of sustainable power source (Ferrell et al. , 2011, p. 434).In 2005 BP additionally distributed an implicit rules, in it featuring the company’s lawful and moral commitments. This record was named â€Å"Our Commitment to Integrity†. (Ferrell et al. , 2011, p. 438) I feel that the organization could have better examinations and upkeep on their apparatuses and pipelines, and broadcast their discoveries, regardless of whether that office is in immaculate working request or should be shut down for fixes. Giving the partners more straightforwardness powers moral conduct and a genuine promise to uprightness. In light of the company’s morals would you: Work for the company?I would not work for BP, particularly on the off chance tha t they don't genuinely address the upkeep of their offices. I feel that despite the fact that BP is in any event heading the correct way by putting resources into sustainable power source, its primary item and greatest worker is still oil †the most widely recognized wellspring of the company’s moral issues. Purchase their items? I have done whatever it takes not to buy BP fuel since the oil slick in the Gulf of Mexico occurred. In any case, since gas costs have taken off as of late, if gas is more affordable at a BP administration station, I will get it there.Personal frugality doesn't negate myâ ethics, I simply don't think gets sense to give significantly more cash-flow to the oil business overall than what is now vital. Put resources into their stock? I would not put resources into their stock right now in light of the fact that BP’s primary item is fuel; and despite the fact that I need to utilize it, it is impeding to nature. Obviously, it is doing admirably in the financial exchanges at this moment, yet it is shaky and affected by different components occurring on the planet, and I would prefer to put resources into something is both feasible and monetarily steady. Additionally, I do see BP as a dependable organization, and I need to help their underhandedness.Invite them to be a piece of the network in which you live? I would welcome BP to be a piece of my locale since occupations are constantly required here. Moreover, their capacity in my locale would not need to incorporate an oil apparatus or pipeline, it could be a sun oriented board plant, or a turbine industrial facility. Those things would impactsly affect a few networks other than my own. Updates Since this case was concentrated in the content a great deal has happened to BP, one significant occasion that ought to be referenced is the Deepwater Horizon oil slick in the Gulf of Mexico.This blast killed 11 individuals and spouted oil into the sea for a quarter of a year. It wa s the biggest oil slick ever. While BP claims the blast was brought about by numerous components, including accusing Transocean and Halliburton, suppliers of a portion of the rig’s gear (BP, 2010), BP still gauges its general expense for the spill to be generally $40 billion, half of which is promised to genuine survivors of the spill (Skoloff and Wardell, 2010). As of February, 2011 just $3. 54 billion had been spent on tidy up and pay to victims.This strays essentially from BP’s unique planned distributions of that subsidize, but then the organization consents to in any case payout profit to investors (usatoday. com, 2011). I am not saying whether it is or isn't moral to deliver investor profits during an emergency, for example, this, what I do discover untrustworthy is the absence of respectability. Has BP eased back remunerations installment, however they had recently reported that they would not deliver profits after the spill, and afterward invalidated. Idea I fe el that the focal idea from this Case-Study is the possibility of integrity.Over the range of over 100 years, the organization has thought of new astute approach to reach and transport already out of reach oil, yet they despite everything utilize an adaptation of oils spill tidy up innovation around 1960. BP creates wind and sunlight based vitality advancements, however I see more BP administration stations springing up more as often as possible than their breeze turbines. Additionally, BP declared they were going to stop profit checks to investors after the oils spill in the bay. Be that as it may, after the issue has been out of the spotlight for some time they moderate the remuneration advantages to the inlet, and keep on paying their investors anyway.BP’s own set of principles is named â€Å"Our Commitment to Integrity†, and they’ve appeared again and again how they simply are not dependable. Application One thing that I can and do make a difference to my li fe by and by is the possibility of uprightness, being solid, and making the best choice in any event, when nobody is looking. Respectability is significant character aspect to have expertly too. My major is Human Resources Development â€a field that I plan to work in one day. In a HR position I need to support my association, by building up the representatives, supporting decency and balance, and assisting with ingraining and positive and moral culture.

Why Religion Is Important To A Society Philosophy Essay

Why Religion Is Important To A Society Philosophy Essay Our ethical feelings go before us as we end up regretting a misfortune or potential loss of something significant. How we characterize what is and isn't significant is exclusively needy upon how decide to concede elements significances and eliminate related cultural hindrances said substances may present. We have across the board customs to maintain, which is the accord all through the entirety of progress. However, the range and congruity of the maintaining remains extensively questionable. The strict the individuals who have unshakably been instilled, for the most part remain as significant advocates of the previously mentioned problem. They carry a coordinated feeling of equivocalness to the table with respect to what we hold carefully for a nostalgic reason over logical reason. A gigantic case where this is exceptionally apparent is of the Kennewick Man. The Kennewick man question raised a lot of issues with respect to how religions have governmental issues and science hogtied to a surprisingly unavoidable mainstay of hatred. It is a case where the legitimacy of logical undertaking is tested by the holiness of strict conviction, and because of that unrest, legislative issues were undermined. - The Back Story What is significant about the Kennewick Man circumstance is that among the most clear issues with respect to science and legislative issues is the issue of positioning strict significance in a general public. Without a doubt, we can see that religion assumes a major job as far as opportunity, yet the explanation behind that is muddled. Be that as it may, we can reach various determinations in such manner which may free a portion of the disarray in question. The Kennewick Man issue comes from the discoveries of the skeleton of a covered body named the Ancient One on July 1996 beneath the outside of Lake Washington by two men. The remaining parts quickly started contention. It so happened that the skeleton was viewed as strictly bound here and there, which made it to a great extent a strict issue. There were claims made by Indian clans, neighborhood authorities, and a few individuals from established researchers with respect to responsibility for skeleton as a result of the contention. Because of the consideration, in March of 1998, the branch of Interior and National Park Service consented to help the COE in settling a portion of the issues identified with the Federal case (NPS, 2004) that was documented as per the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGRA). The U.S. Armed force Corps of Engineers were the proprietors of the land where the remaining parts of the Kennewick Man were found, so they were answerable for the discoveries. In this manner, they were focused by those pushing for the bodys assurance utilizing the NAGRA. Normally, there was a requirement for examination, so researchers got included and directed research on the remaining parts. For this activity, the Department of the Interior and National Park Service and the Corps of Engineers teamed up. Approximately eighteen exceptionally referenced researchers and researchers led an assortment of chronicled and logical assessments, examinations, and studies. (NPS, 2004) This occurred somewhere in the range of 1998 and 2004 as the legitimate procedures got top to bottom. As per the National Park Service (NPS), the Kennewick skeleton was truly inspected, estimated, and recorded utilizing present and standard logical strategies and methods. Residue clinging to the bones and caught inside the bone cavities were depicted and broke down for likeness with the dirt silt in the region of the disclosure of the skeletal remains. The stone shot point inserted in the skeletons pelvis was portrayed and dissected. These discoveries were pertinent to understanding the beginnings of the skeleton since they shed a close all out light of the explanation the skeleton was there. In like manner, the bones were tested so as to affirm the antiquated date for the remaining parts, as per the report from the NPS. The report asserted that examination had yielded five significant logical reports because of the different analyses and tests performed by the analysts. These activities had been radically overstated by the media during the hour of the lawful issues in the midst of the debate, with obliviousness towards the genuine purpose behind the logical examination. Basically, the media missed the way that the examination must be led in light of the fact that the inception of the man was up for debate, which was a huge bit of the lawful issues following its revelation. It worked out that the remaining parts were 9,300 years of age, as indicated by the examination, which despite everything folds on into the late 2012. As per anthropologist Douglas Owsley, the finish of the age of the remaining parts is significant in the mission to comprehend where the now-popular Paleoamerican originated from and who his relatives may be. In October of 2011, Owsley felt that it was critical to have a gathering with the Native American clans of the zone in regards to the remaining parts and the examination in regards to the remaining parts in light of the fact that, as per him, [the Columbia Basin, where the remaining parts were found], its their country domain, and they feel profound associations and roots. [He] felt it of imperative significant that [he] have a [face-to-confront meeting and give them a diagram with regards to what the logical proof was letting us know. (Murphy, 2012) - Possible Reasoning for Religious Conviction Using Evo-bio Evidence Strict significance is no shallow issue on account of the Kennewick man. A reality of significance to that point is that people have an impressive commitment to religion because of their organic cosmetics. The conviction towards the Kennewick man is, in this manner, obvious since the disclosure of the remaining parts were definitely questionable with the disclosure of its Native American roots. We find that this commitment the strict valuation-is inborn to our neurological profiles. Especially, we find that our cerebrums have created to process situations and issues inside those conditions with such a creative mind, that religion can happen at any second. So as to see how religion assumes a job in the public arena, we first need to comprehend why people discover certain articles consecrated. For this, we can take a gander at the advancement of the neo cortex in the cerebrum. The neo cortex is liable for practically all of which we process intelligently. As we support, the neo cortex is giving the guidelines a great part of the remainder of the cerebrum uses to figure at least one all inclusive statements. On account of the Kennewick man, Native Americans broaden their hand of conviction towards the remaining parts and they and the remaining parts consolidated remain as a valid justification to look first how religion came to fruition in the natural advancement of individuals. As indicated by Robin Dunbar of the Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology at the University of Oxford, religion is versatile. As indicated by her, nothing as exorbitant as religion might be maladaptation or a minor result. She investigated the centrality of religion by transformative humanities discoveries in logical research. She found that from we have found about the natural noteworthiness and starting point of religion, there are four elements of religion: it 1) gives a clarification (temporary, nonetheless) for the complexities of the world; 2) causes mental prosperity, pretty much; 3) triggers socialization; lastly, 4) it upholds congruity, which is really a key trait of religion that we see strikingly all through the instance of the Kennewick man. Since we have advanced to take care of natural issues, some portion of our complexity as living beings is basic, social conviction frameworks. As indicated by Dunbar, the individuals who are effectively strict normally live more, will be progressively content/more joyful, are less focused, endure less mental issues, and recoup quicker from medical procedure. Dunbar asserted (with proof) that staggered social frameworks are basic in well evolved creatures and that when sociality includes a verifiable implicit understanding, wellness accumulates at the degree of the individual, yet through advantages produced by the ground. At the end of the day, the consolidated similarity of every socialite compares to progressively effective individuals and uplifted, valuable human sense. Dunbar, as different researchers have proposed, pestered the social cerebrum speculation. As indicated by the theory, strict idea is ascribed to mind measures in primates. It has been contemplated that the size of the neo cortex is contrarily social to the extent or contribution in and of strict idea. It is additionally legitimate to infer that the size of social gatherings are incredibly founded on the size of the neocortex. As indicated by Dunbar, bunch size [and numerous parts of savvy behavior] are a component of neocortex volume. This is prominently apparent in primate social orders. This discovering adds to the way that all primate social orders depend on an understood implicit understanding, which is basically participation. - Arguments Against Scientific Proceedings - Arguments For Scientific Proceedings Contentions against the responsibility for Kennewick keeps an eye on stays by those other than the Native American clans are altogether contact to stop by. This is fundamentally on the grounds that the Native Americans have basically no target base for a contention against it. In like manner, the Native Americans had definitely no body of evidence against the individuals who needed to do investigate on the Kennewick man in light of the fact that the discoveries with respect to the particular subtleties of the remaining parts are questionable. In this manner, the Native Americans can't contend that the remaining parts have inborn importance. The courts closed this and denied the Native Americans proprietorship rights over the remaining parts. From that point, the researchers were allowed to do as much research as they believed they expected to manage without the assent of the contesting gathering of tribesmen (Doughton, 2006). The center explanation behind the logical procedures is very normal. Generally, the exploration would yield a more clear investigate our reality as living beings, in any event, getting the job done as clearing up disarrays with respect to landscape and even domains. As indicated by scientists, th

Payday Loans Harm the Very Populations They Target - OppLoans

Payday Loans Harm the Very Populations They Target - OppLoans Payday Loans Harm the Very Populations They TargetInside Subprime: Dec 12, 2018By Holly KanePayday loan providers market their product as an easy route to quick cash, whether for the end-of-month financial crash diet to make rent, a medical emergency for the un- or underinsured, or paying the electric bill to keep the heat on in the dead of winter. But research shows these loans disproportionately hurt the exact populations they target â€" the financially vulnerable â€" by trapping those who are statistically already at an economic disadvantage in a cycle of debt.A payday loan, defined by the CFPB as a “short-term, high cost loan, generally for $500 or less, that is typically due on your next payday,” is usually marketed as a temporary solutions for cash-strapped emergencies, but studies have found that most borrowers renew or roll over their loans for a fee. “[S]even in 10 borrowers use payday loans to deal with recurring expenses, while only one in six uses the loans for unex pected emergencies,” according to a study by Pew Charitable Trusts. “[T]he vast majority of borrowers use the loans on a long-term basis, not a temporary one.”The Pew study found that those without a college degree, home renters and those earning less than $40,000 per year are more likely to take out payday loans than other groups. The CFPB reported that more than 80 percent of payday loans are renewed or rolled over within 14 days, indicating that borrowers within these groups are unlikely to have received another paycheck within that two-week period. “The short-term structure of payday loans causes borrowers to opt to pay back payday lenders before paying medical bills, rent, utilities, and other expenses,” according to a study by the Howard University Center on Race and Wealth.At a time when housing costs far outpace wages, more than half of payday loan users rent their homes. In no county in the U.S. can a worker earning the federal minimum wage of $7.25 an hour afford a modest two-bedroom living situation working a 40-hour week, according to a report by the National Low Income Housing Coalition. Further, those earning $40,000 or less annually are three times as likely to have used payday loans as those earning $50,000 or more. These earners are less likely to have emergency savings to cover a car repair or illness, making them prime candidates for payday lenders. Part of the reason vulnerable populations are prone to take out payday loans is due to borrowers’ diminished access to traditional forms of credit. Research shows that in the absence of using payday loans, 81 percent of respondents would cut back on expenses, while 62 percent would delay paying bills. Getting a bank loan and using a credit card â€" two options charging significantly less interest â€" were two of the least popular responses, according to the Pew study. “Thus it seems that the payday loan industry is selling a product that few people use as designed and that imposes d ebt that is consistently more costly and longer lasting than advertised,” the Pew study said.For more information on payday loans, scams,  cash advances, and  title loans,  check out our state and city financial guides.Visit  OppLoans  on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIn

Definition Of Effective Leadership And Leadership

Scripture has much to say in regards to leadership and those in positions of leadership. The Bible tells us that leaders are to lead with integrity and values that govern the heart. â€Å"So he shepherded them according to the integrity of his heart, and guided them with skillful hands.† (Psalm 78:72 NKJV) Unfortunately, that is not the practice of many in leadership, often leaders operate with a public set of values that differs from that of their private life. The definition of effective leadership has changed from character driven leadership to results oriented leadership and is now determined by the results a leader produces, as long as the leader is producing good results, the private life of a leader has no bearing on the situation. (Rima, 2000) While it is true, that leaders can, for a time, engage in a quality practice of leadership that differs from their personal life and produce positive results, eventually, the destructive behaviors of their personal life will aff ect and influence their public life and may result in failure and scandal. The dangers of this dichotomy are leaders that are emotionally or psychologically unhealthy and the end result is leaders that lack integrity and depth of character. The consequence of this philosophy is failed businesses and churches, ineffective governments, broken marriages and families. This disconnect between the public and private life has led to a major distrust and wariness of public leaders. Rima believes that the root causeShow MoreRelatedThe Definition Of Effective Leadership1520 Words   |  7 PagesDefinition of effective leadership Most historians rank George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, and Theodore Roosevelt as America’s finest leaders. 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To what extent was the Cold War inevitable after the end of World War 2 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2450 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category History Essay Type Analytical essay Topics: World War 2 Essay Did you like this example? Unless you believe in predeterminism, nothing is inevitable in history. However, some things have a higher probability of happening than others, and this is what this study addresses. It looks at possibilities other than the outcome which occurred and explores why these scenarios did not prevail. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "To what extent was the Cold War inevitable after the end of World War 2?" essay for you Create order It then looks at the actual unfolding of events and the deeper history which led to the Cold War emerging between 1945 and 1947/48. It analyses the factors which inclined the world towards ideological polarisation and evaluates what was the most significant. Several outcomes other than an armed, hostile stand-off could have emerged at the end of World War II. There might have been a hot war, with the vast armies of the Soviet Union pitched against the equally powerful armed might of the Western Allies. Alternatively, there could have been electoral successes and popular uprisings by communist and other radical left-wing movements across Western Europe leading to the coming to power of regimes less willing to take a hostile stance towards the USSR. Thirdly, elections in Eastern Europe might have resulted in Soviet influence stopping at her own borders and hence no Iron Curtain stretching from Stettin to Trieste (Thomas, 1988, 703). Finally, a more cooperative, consensual and less s uspicious approach to diplomacy would possibly have achieved a mutually acceptable rapprochement. Apart from some hot-headed, dyed-in-the-wool anti-communists, such as General George Patton, there was little desire to start up another war against erstwhile allies. For the politicians of the democracies, initiating a new war would have been political suicide. For Stalin, there was little to be gained since he was in control of sufficient east European territory to create a series of buffer states to protect the Soviet Union (Leffler, 1986). Additionally, the USA had developed and demonstrated the use of the atomic bomb, something which the Russians had not yet mastered. Equally significantly, despite Churchills extreme wariness about Soviet post-war intentions in Europe, President Roosevelt was less concerned with ideas of Russian expansionism and he was by far the senior Western partner. He was willing to treat with Stalin, seeing the winning of the war as much more important tha n manoeuvring for later anti-communist geostrategic advantage (Offner, 1999). Despite his death a month before victory in Europe, his cooperative legacy prevailed long enough to make a shooting war with the USSR a non-starter (van Alstein, 2009). The prospect of a much more left-leaning political Europe was a genuine possibility. In Britain, the Labour Party won an overwhelming victory in the 1945 election, while in Italy there was a very real possibility of the Communist Party at the least being a participant in Italys first post-war government. Determined that Italy must remain in the Western camp, President Truman authorised the covert transfer of vast amounts of cash to the anti-communist Christian Democrat Party which proved significant in overcoming the initial broad support for the anti-fascist parties of the left (Mistry, 2014). Even more decisive was the decision to finance and arm the right-wing government in Greece during the civil war which began in 1946. Trumans supp ort came at a crucial moment when it looked like communist forces might prevail. Significantly Stalin chose not to back the insurgents, honouring the agreements reached at Moscow in 1944 and the Yalta Conference of 1945 over spheres of influence in Europe. Similar US aid was extended to Turkey to prevent her entering into any agreement with Russia over defence and access to the Mediterranean. Had things turned out differently in those countries, it might well have strengthened the already powerful communist movements in France and Belgium (Gaddis, 2005; Edwards, 1989). The scenario of elections in the eastern European nations occupied by Soviet forces at the end of the war producing non-communist governments was not impossible, although neither was it likely. Western historians have largely seen the Russians imposing puppet communist governments upon unwilling populaces, but in each country there were strong indigenous communist movements (Theoharis, 1976; Joll, 1973). Once in po wer, however, each regime refused to submit itself for re-election. This was not wholly because of Russian force of arms, but also because these regimes knew that their hold upon power depended on remaining within the Soviet bloc and thus they acquiesced in becoming client states. For Stalin they provided a buffer against what he still saw as a threat from the West to their very existence (Starobin, 1969). After experiencing foreign intervention in the 1917-22 civil war, international ostracism in the subsequent interwar years, and a brutal, genocidal invasion by Germany, it is not altogether surprising that Stalin was somewhat wary. It has been argued by numerous revisionist historians that, in the immediate post-war years, Stalin was seeking rapprochement with the West (Zubok Pleshakov, 1996; Roberts, 1994; Starobin, 1969). This seems persuasive since the Soviet Union was in desperate need of a period of retrenchment after the terrible depredations of the life-or-death struggl e against Nazi invasion which it had just endured. There was a shield-wall of buffer states in place, Stalin was both unwilling and unable to expand any further, no attempt was made to incorporate Finland or Austria into the communist orbit despite having ample opportunity to do so, both the Western Allies and the USSR had demobilised the great bulk of their armed forces by 1948, and the West had been given free rein to impose its preferred political set-up in Italy, Greece and Turkey (Hobsbawm, 1994). Why then did there not emerge a period of international tensionless coexistence? There seems to be two principal reasons for this: the presidency of Harry Truman, and Western (especially American) ideological intransigence. Truman was a truculent, belligerent individual who had little experience of foreign affairs when he became president upon Roosevelts death. He had a very black-and-white, us-and-them view of the world, and despite his lack of knowledge of political belief-system s beyond the USA, was viscerally anti-communist (Costigliola, 2010). Alan Offner described him as a parochial nationalist who lacked the leadership to move America away from conflict and towards dÃÆ' ©tente (1999, 150), seeing his aggressive posturing towards the USSR as a major factor causing Stalin to adopt more hard-line, domineering policies in the Russian zone of influence in eastern Europe. It was during his speech announcing US aid to Turkey and Greece that Truman first enunciated his Policy of Containment towards the Soviet Union. [T]otalitarian regimes imposed upon free peoples, by direct or indirect aggression, undermine the foundations of international peace and hence the security of the United Statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures. (Edwards, 1989, 131) Truman was setting up the USA as the worlds policeman, and in the process was creating the basis of American policy towards the USSR for the next forty years. The Soviet Union was to be treated as an implacable foe, as the ideological antithesis of what America believed it stood for, and as a state intent on undermining democracy and Western civilisation (Roberts, 1991). As such it was an existential threat which must be opposed and contained everywhere and at all times. Some historians have argued that Containment was the wrong term for American/Western aims during the Cold War à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the goal was in fact the collapse and destruction of the Soviet state and system and its displacement by liberal democratic institutions, whatever the rhetoric about co-existence. (Kimball, 2001, 352) Truman began this policy, marking a distinct break with the consensual approach of his predecessor (Costigliola, 2010). Obsessive anti-communism so permeated successive high-level American thinking that almost all foreign policy was seen in terms of defeating the Ru ssians and their evil doctrines. Joseph Siracusa described the USA developing an increasingly rigid ideological view of the world à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" anti-communist, anti-socialist, anti-leftist à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" that came to rival that of communism. (Siracusa, 2001, 154) The roots of this preoccupation can be traced to the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, not so much the events or even the consequences for Russia, but rather the self-proclaimed global mission of fomenting world insurrection against the established order, the propertied classes and liberal capitalism. However, during the interwar years, the USSR was not viewed as a dangerously powerful state, and when Stalin promulgated the policy of socialism in one country there was even less reason to be proactively hostile. Ideological animosity was still intense, but action was confined to trade embargoes and a refusal to recognise the Soviet Union. It was only in 1933 that Roosevelt extended recognition when the threat of fascism appeared much greater than that of communism (Roberts, 1991). As well as the personality and worldview of Truman, events between 1945 and 1948 progressively and cumulatively increased the polarisation and ratcheted up hostility. Among these were the abandonment by Britain and the USA of their commitment to making the Germans pay substantial reparations, something which had been agreed at Yalta and was seen as important and necessary by Russia which had suffered far worse infrastructural and economic damage than the Western Allies. Choosing the option of rehabilitation over repression (Thomas, 1988), the British and Americans merged their occupations areas into the Bizone, then created the Trizone by adding the French sector, introducing a single currency for the whole area. This established a framework for an integrated administrative economic area in the Western sectors, a development advanced greatly in 1947 by the Marshall Plan (Lewkowicz, 2008). The Marshall Plan was not the simple gesture of a generous United States unselfishly seeking to help a debilitated Europe recover. The aim was to create an Open-Door policy within a free-trade Europe where the USA could freely sell its surplus production and invest its huge capital reserves. Money which was offered as aid came with strings attached. What could be bought and from whom was carefully prescribed, the greater part being American-made goods, while the supra-national decision-making body administering the Plan was dominated by the Americans (Roberts, 1994). The Russians, initially welcoming the Plan, quickly recognised its underlying economic and political disadvantages. They saw it creating a design for Europe which would work to the benefit of the USA within an ideologically unacceptable framework, and declined to participate. The creation of the Trizone and its further binding together with Marshall Aid was only one step away from the implementation of political integration. Following the Berlin Blockade, this duly happened in May 1949 with the declaration of the Federal Republic of Germany. Five months later the German Democratic Republic was established (Lewkowicz, 2008; Roberts, 1994). The crystallisation of a bipolar Europe was mirrored in the Far East. As part of a deal struck with Stalin, the Americans were given free rein to restructure both Japan and the Philippines which they turned into compliant pro-American, pro-capitalist states. Korea was divided between the two blocs, while Vietnam was prevented from unifying as one nation under Ho Chi Minh and his nationalist-communist liberation movement by the Americans. Against all the anti-imperial promises of Roosevelt, Truman encouraged the French to return as colonial masters in the South rather than let the country be united under a left-wing regime (Theoharis, 1976; Herring, 1986). Effectively, the USA was engaging in an economic, ideological and military-backed expansionist policy while accusing the USSR of tha t self-same activity. Post-war international relations were always going to tend towards the development of two rival camps, but that is not sufficient to explain the intense hostility which emerged. In early 1945, cooperation was still the dominant paradigm among the Allies, not just to defeat the Axis, but for reasons of future security and peace. Ideological differences were seen more as domestic matters than major shapers of international relations. Soviet expansionism and her claim to zones of influence were regarded largely as conventional Russian nationalist ambitions, and were matched by the Western Allies own zones of influence. However, coinciding with the advent of Truman, suspicions and misreadings of the other sides intentions emerged. Fearing the worst, both began acting upon their misconceived views of the other and started behaving in ways that confirmed their opponents preconceptions, creating self-fulfilling prophecies about what the other would do (van Alstein, 2009). It is not surprising that Stalin acted out of paranoia and suspicion as his domestic record in the late 1920s and 1930s testifies, but Truman was his ideological counterpart in his misreading of Russian intentions and his doggedly anti-communist certainty. William Fulbright summed up the emerging ideological mind-set which would dominate US foreign-policy thinking for four decades and which was the most important factor in creating the reality of the Cold War: Like medieval theologians we had a philosophy that explained everything to us in advance, and everything that did not fit could be readily identified as a fraud or a lie or an illusionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The perniciousness of the anti-Communist ideology arises not from any patent falsehood but from its distortion and simplification of reality, from its universalization and its elevation to the status of a revealed truth. (Fulbright, 1972, 43) It was not inevitability which led to the Cold War, but inflexibility. Bibliography Costigliola, Frank. After Roosevelts Death: Dangerous Emotions, Divisive Discourses, and the Abandoned Alliance. Diplomatic History 34, no. 1 (2010): 1-24. Edwards, Lee. Congress and the Origins of the Cold War: The Truman Doctrine. World Affairs 151, no. 3 (1989): 131-141. Fulbright, J. William. Reflections: In Thrall to Fear. The New Yorker, January 1972: 41-43. Gaddis, John Lewis. The Cold War . London: Penguin, 2005. Herring, George C. Americas Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975. 2nd edition. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986. Hobsbawm, Eric. Age of Extremes. London: Penguin, 1994. Joll, James. Europe Since 1870: An International History. London: Pelican, 1973. Kimball, Warren F. The Incredible Shrinking War: The Second World War, Not (Just) the Origins of the Cold War. Diplomatic History 25, no. 3 (2001): 347-365. Leffler, Melvyn P. Adherence to Agreements: Yalta and the Experiences of the Early Cold War. International Security 11, no. 1 (1986): 88-123. Lewkowicz, Nicolas. The German Question and the Origins of the Cold War. Milan: IPOC di Pietro Condemi, 2008. Mistry, Kaeten. The United States, Italy and the Origins of Cold War: Waging Political Warfare, 1945-1950. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Offner, Arnold A. Another such victory: President Truman, American foreign policy, and the Cold War. Diplomatic History 23, no. 2 (1999): 127-155. Roberts, Geoffrey. Moscow and the Marshall Plan: Politics, ideology and the onset of the Cold War, 1947. Europe-Asia Studies 46, no. 8 (1994): 1371-1386. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ . The Soviet Union in World Politics: Coexistence, Revolution and Cold War, 1945-1991. London: Routledge, 1999. Siracusa, Joseph M. The New Cold War History and the Origins of the Cold War. Australian Journal of Politics and History 47, no. 1 (2001): 149-155. Starobin, Joseph R. Origins of the Cold War: The Communist Dimension. Foreign Affairs 47, no. 4 (1969): 681-696. T heoharis, Atan. The origins of the Cold War: A revisionist interpretation. Foreign Affairs 4, no. 1 (1976): 3-11. Thomas, Hugh. Armed Truce. Sevenoaks: Hodder and Stoughton, 1988. van Alstein, Maarten. The meaning of hostile bipolarization: Interpreting the origins of the Cold War. Cold War History 9, no. 3 (2009): 301-319. Zubok, Vladislav, and Constantine Pleshakov. Inside the Kremlins Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996.

Gang Membership Social And Psychological Factors That...

Gang membership accounts for the rising number of youth and street gangs since the 1950’s, since the development of gangs globally, especially in New Zealand there are significant factors that influences becoming a gang member. There is a range of social and psychological factors that underpin and gain insight into the dynamic gang structure of gangs and how this influences others to become involved in gangs. Research has noted there are push and pull factors that are associated with the theory of ‘multiple marginality’ this theory tackles how groups feel after being left on the boundaries of society, therefore has encouraged them to become involved in deviant behavior. The growth in predominantly Maori gangs such as the Mongrel Mob and Black Power through the 1960’s and 1970’s has caused contrservesity whether ‘multiple marginality’ impacts and is responsible for this issue. 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Passion and Revenge in The White Devil Essay Example For Students

Passion and Revenge in The White Devil Essay Passion and Revenge inThe White Devil John Webster was born around 1580 and died around 1634. Hewas an English Jacobean dramatist best known for his tragedies The White Devil and The Duchess of Malfi, which are often regarded as masterpieces of the early 17th-century English stage.1According to ReneWeis in the introduction of the book The Duchess of Malfi and other plays by John Webster,The White Devil is based on sources about the life and death of Vittoria Accoramboni of Gubbio (1557-85) and her turbulent marriage (or repeated marriages) to the Duke of Bracciano. The play traces the couples relationship, aided and abetted by Vittoriasbrother Flamineo.2However, in this paper I will focus on the passion and revenge in the play. Passion, according to me, is the driving force in the play The White Devil. Had it not been for the passion the charactersfelt, theyprobably wouldnt have acted the way they did. Flamineos passionto climb up the social ladderis what incites him to plot with Bracciano the murders of Braccianos wife, Isabella, and Flamineos brother-in-law, Camillo.Braccianos passion for Vittoria is what stimulates him tohire someone tomurderIsabella andplot with Flamineo the murder ofCamillo.The passion of Francisco to avenge Isabellas death is what incites him to disguise later on in the play andpoison Bracciano. Lodovicos passion for Isabella, he is in love with her, is what incites him to enter the quest for revenge with Francisco and Cardinal Monticelso, who wanted to avenge the death of Camillo. Since Bracciano is in love with Vittoria, the sister of Flamineo, Flamineo does whatever he is capable of to aid Bracciano in marrying Vittoria: FLAMINEO Pursue your noble wishes; I am prompt/ As lightning to your service. O my lord! / (Whispers) The fair Vittoria, my happy sister, / Shall give you present audience. Gentlemen, / Let the caroche go on, and tis his pleasure/ You put out all your torches and depart.3(The White Devil 1.2. 4-9).Bracciano then asks about the husband of Vittoria, Camillo; Flamineo responds by saying Hang him, a gilder that hath his brains perished with quicksilver is not more cold in the liver.4(The White Devil 1.2. 26-27)Even so early in the play Flamineo already suggesttoBracciano to murder Camillo since he is a gilder which according to the notes in the bookThe Duchess of Malfi and Other Plays by John Webstermeans repeated exposure to the vapors of mercury usedin gilding could cause tremors and insanity when inhaled. The liver was thought to be the sea t of passion.5The meaning of the sentence is that Camillo is basically useless.Further lines down Flamineo keeps on encouraging Bracciano to pursue Vittoria romantically. Flamineo tries so hard to persuade Bracciano to pursue Vittoria all because of the passion he has to climb up the social ladder.Personally, Flamineo reminds me of Hamlets uncle, who so desperately wanted to become a king and kills his own brother and marries his brothers widow. Bracciano, on the other hand is easily manipulated because of the passion he has for Vittoria. He is ready to do whatever it takes to have Vittoria. He publiclyannounces hisdivorcewithhiswife Isabella: BRACCIANO This is the latest ceremony of my love; / Henceforth Ill never lie with thee, by this, / This wedding-ring; Ill neer more lie with thee. / And this divorce shall be as truly kept, / As if the judge had doomed it; fare you well, / Our sleeps are severed.6.In order to marry Vittoria, he is capable of anything. He hires Doctor Julio and Christophero to murder his wife, he plots with Flamineo the murder of Camillo. Bracciano wont stop at anything to have Vittoria. Later on in the play, this passion he has for Vittoria drives him jealous. He finds love letters, which were written to Vittoria and he is ready to kill her. Bracciano doesnt want anyone beside him to have Vittoria. Even today people sometimes are so blinded with passion and jealousy that they will stop at nothing to h ave the person of their desire only to themselves and if that means to murdersomeone or even their most beloved person. .u6b40df2e4efc7c38aa870739262e5a35 , .u6b40df2e4efc7c38aa870739262e5a35 .postImageUrl , .u6b40df2e4efc7c38aa870739262e5a35 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6b40df2e4efc7c38aa870739262e5a35 , .u6b40df2e4efc7c38aa870739262e5a35:hover , .u6b40df2e4efc7c38aa870739262e5a35:visited , .u6b40df2e4efc7c38aa870739262e5a35:active { border:0!important; } .u6b40df2e4efc7c38aa870739262e5a35 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6b40df2e4efc7c38aa870739262e5a35 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6b40df2e4efc7c38aa870739262e5a35:active , .u6b40df2e4efc7c38aa870739262e5a35:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6b40df2e4efc7c38aa870739262e5a35 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6b40df2e4efc7c38aa870739262e5a35 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6b40df2e4efc7c38aa870739262e5a35 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6b40df2e4efc7c38aa870739262e5a35 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6b40df2e4efc7c38aa870739262e5a35:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6b40df2e4efc7c38aa870739262e5a35 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6b40df2e4efc7c38aa870739262e5a35 .u6b40df2e4efc7c38aa870739262e5a35-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6b40df2e4efc7c38aa870739262e5a35:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Different parts of a plant and their function Essay Personally, I believe that passion is a very strong emotion which can make a person behave out of his ordinary behavior and can also stimulate someone to take the law into their own hands. Which is exactly what Francisco does. He doesnt trust the legal system and the passion to avenge his sisters deathand his sisters ghost that appears to himis whatpersuadeshim to seek revenge. Francisco is mad because his sister has been murdered and the murderers are not punished.He accuses Bracciano, Vittoria and Flamineo. When Bracciano and Flamineo only hired Doctor Julio and Christophero to poison the portraitthatIsabella kisses every night.At first Francisco did not want to seek revenge:FRANCISCOFar be it from my thoughts / To seek revenge.6(The White Devil 4.1. 2-3)Francisco decides that Bracciano will be punished by God when he dies: FRANCISCOHe that unjustly caused it first proceed. / Shall find it in his grave and in his seed.7(The White Devil 4.1.10-11).But after the ghost of Isabella appears to Francisco he is persuaded to seek revenge for herdeath: FRANCISCOBracciano, I am now fit for thyencounter. / Like the wild Irish Ill neer think thee dead, / Till I can play at football with thy head.8(The White Devil 4.1. 133-5).Francisco no longer believes that he should Bracciano to live his life and meet his creator when his time comes, now Francisco wants to take ac tion and make sure that Bracciano payed with his own life for taking Isabellas life.Francisco, Cardinal Monticelso and later Lodovico disguise themselves and go after Vittoria, Flamineo and Bracciano. They do manage to poison Braccianoby using a helmetand kill him. Francisco vaguely reminds me of Hamlet. Hamlet as well sought revenge for the murder of his father.Isabellas brother will do anything to avenge her untimely death just like Hamlet did everything he could toavenge his fathers death. After Bracciano is murdered he appears as a ghost to Flamineo, who promise to avenge his death. Since Flamineobelievesthat Vittoria and Zanche havesomething to do withBraccianos death and since he promised Bracciano neither Flamineo nor Vittoria will continue to live he brings a gun and make both of the women to promise to kill each other after they kill him.In the end, Lodovico is the one who kills Vittoria, Flamineo and Zanche. Just like in the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare everyone dies. According to Rene Weis, although The White Devil reverts again and again to moral speeches and ethical positions, its power does not reside in its moral truths but9and here she quotes Alvin Kernan in the force with which it presents the dark energies of the self-uncoiling and striking whatever opposes them (Kernan 1975:396).10The way I understand this quote by Kernan is that the characters in the play will compel to their own passion and do whatever it takes to satiate it. And as I was reading the play, I saw this: Flamineos passion to climb up the social ladder is what persuades him to do whatever it takes; Braccianos passion for Vittoria is what persuades him to plot the murders of Isabella and Camillo; Franciscos passion to avenge Isabellas death is what incites him to plot the murder of Bracciano and Lodovicos passion for Isabella is what incites him to team up with Francisco in the murders of the murderers. In my opinion, the passion each of the characters felt was the driving force behind their actions in the play. Works Cited https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Webster Webster, JohnThe Duchess of Malfi and Other Plays;Edited with an Introduction byReneWeis, New York:Oxford University Press,1996 pp. XV Webster, JohnThe Duchess of Malfi and Other Plays;Edited with an Introduction byReneWeis, New York:Oxford University Press,1996 pp. 7,act 1, scene 2,lines 4-9 Webster, JohnThe Duchess of Malfi and Other Plays;Edited with an Introduction byReneWeis, New York:Oxford University Press,1996 pp. 8,act 1, scene 2, lines 26-27 Webster, JohnThe Duchess of Malfi and Other Plays;Edited with an Introduction byReneWeis, New York:Oxford University Press,1996 pp.367 Webster, JohnThe Duchess of Malfi and Other Plays;Edited with an Introduction byReneWeis, New York:Oxford University Press,1996 pp.51,act 4, scene 1,lines 2-3 Webster, JohnThe Duchess of Malfi and Other Plays;Edited with an Introduction byReneWeis, New York:Oxford University Press,1996 pp.51,act 4, scene 1,li nes 10-11 Webster, JohnThe Duchess of Malfi and Other Plays;Edited with an Introduction byReneWeis, New York:Oxford University Press,1996 pp. 54,act 4, scene 1,lines 133-135 Webster, JohnThe Duchess of Malfi and Other Plays;Edited with an Introduction byReneWeis, New York:Oxford University Press,1996 pp.XV Kernan, Alvin (1975), Banisht!: The Dark World of Jacobean Tragedy, inThe Revels History of Drama in English,vol. iii: 1576 1613

An Interpretation of “On the Pulse of Morning” Essay Example

An Interpretation of â€Å"On the Pulse of Morning† Paper Essay on â€Å"On The Pulse Of Morning† Analysis The poem that Maya Angelou chose the read at President Clinton’s inaugural in 1993, delivers a message of hope. It uses the metaphor of morning or dawn to show that people can create their dreams and bring them to life. Maya Angelou has been a national celebrity since the reading of this poem. Her writings have a way of embracing people and successfully state her thoughts and emotions. â€Å"Pulse† is a call for hope and opportunity in part of our history. When analyzing this poem a great deal of the stanzas relate to diversity, change over time, and equality. This poem successfully portrays a sense of diversity throughout it. Many lines in different stanzas are related to diversity. Stanza four and five states, â€Å"The singing River, and the wise Rock. So say the Asian, the Hispanic, the Jew, the African, the Native American, the Sioux, the Catholic, the Muslim, the French, the Greek, the Irish, the Rabbi, the Sheik, the Gay, the Straight, the Preacher, the Privileged, the Homeless, the Teacher. They hear. They all hear the speaking of the tree. † They are united by nature, but different due to their culture. In stanza six a lot about diversity has been acknowledged. The people who once helped Maya, do not anymore. In addition it states that we arrived from the Indians. In the course of history, elements of society have changed. Examples through this poem are â€Å"the dinosaur, who left dried tokens of their sojourn here†¦Is lost in the gloom of dust and ages. But today, the Rock cries out to us, clearly, forcefully, Come you may stand upon my Back and face your distant destiny. The dinosaur, as we all know is now extinct. They have left their â€Å"dried tokens† or their fossils here when they were once here. They left them here for us to find. For the different groups to find. The dinosaurs were â€Å"lost in the dust†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and it was hard for people to find, but now over the years, the dinosaurs fossils have been found. In addition the slave black Africa n Americans have come from the ancient homeland of Africa. The slaves were once here and now the United States passed a law that slavery was to be abolished. We will write a custom essay sample on An Interpretation of â€Å"On the Pulse of Morning† specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on An Interpretation of â€Å"On the Pulse of Morning† specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on An Interpretation of â€Å"On the Pulse of Morning† specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Over time people, places, and all things have changed for good and bad. Equality is an important concern in the world today. â€Å"Women, children, men, Take it into the palms of your hands†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This is saying that our society can be a loving one with equality for men, women, blacks, and whites. Whether we are rich or poor, we all have the same opportunities in our country. No matter when in history we appeared. No matter how strange we appear to be to others. People think that people that are not like them and come from other planets, however we are all members of this planet. History, despite its wrenching pain Cannot be unlived, but if faced with courage, need not to be lived again. † This is saying that we have learned from our past. The discrimination and the inequality should not be repeated in our future. In addition, this poem describes characterization. Personification is a part of literature in which an object or a living thing is given human individuality. Angelou uses personification to give pitch to, â€Å"the river and the tree†, and the aptitude to converse to the reader. Angelou writes â€Å"But today, the Rock cries out to us, clearly, forcefully, Come, you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The rock signifies strength. The strength for us as people everywhere in the world to stand together as one. Not to hide behind shame, humility or cowardness, but be able to stand strong in our right for what we believe in and what we know is right. We as people can unify and become one and be solid as a rock. This written document is using an argument to assert. Angelou does a great job of asserting her position so that the audience would understand how she feels. Although this writing may influence others in the future, her primary purpose was simply to let others know how she feels about this topic. The word choice is phenomenal as she makes you look deeper into the meaning of what she is trying to say. By doing this, it is left up to the interpretation of each individual as to the meaning of it and what is taken away from it. Because her audience was the entire country, she does a great job of excluding no one and reaching out the every individual. She is successful in leaving no one untouched by her rhythmic word choice. Because Angelou is able to understand the rhetorical situation, this may contribute to the strong, audience-focused, and organized writing that she was able to produce. To write any argument effectively, you must first become aware of the rhetorical situation. Prior to starting this writing, she had to analyze and imagine the audience and identify how she would connect with them. In addition to this, the cultural context in this writing was a large part of what is was about. Culture will always be a part of any rhetorical situation and shape any argument. For this writing to be as persuasive as it is, it was important that Angelou understand the culture. In doing this she takes gender, age, and sexual orientation into consideration when addressing the audience. Maya Angelou was successful in relating her poem to diversity, change over time, and equality. This poem is amazing and touches the depths of so many issues. Angelou is brilliant in her construction of the topics and how she leaves you pondering them after you have finished reading this writing. She is a very talented writer, and this poem clearly is a contribution to today’s Civil Rights Movement.

Boiling Point Elevation Definition - Chemistry Glossary

Boiling Point Elevation Definition - Chemistry Glossary Boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, vapor pressure lowering, and osmotic pressure are examples of colligative properties. These are properties of matter that are affected by the number of particles in a sample. Boiling Point Elevation Definition Boiling point elevation is the phenomenon that occurs when the boiling point of a liquid (a solvent) is increased when another compound is added, such that the solution has a higher boiling point than the pure solvent. Boiling point elevation occurs whenever a non-volatile solute is added to a pure solvent. While boiling point elevation depends on the number of dissolved particles in a solution, their identity is not a factor. Solvent-solute interactions also do not affect boiling point elevation. An instrument called an ebullioscope is used to accurately measure boiling point and thus detect whether boiling point elevation has occurred and how much the boiling point has changed. Boiling Point Elevation Examples The boiling point of salted water is higher than the boiling point of pure water. Salt is an electrolyte that dissociates into ions in solution, so it has a relatively large affect on boiling point. Note nonelectrolytes, such as sugar, also increase boiling point. However, because a nonelectrolyte does not dissociate to form multiple particles, it has less of an effect, per mass, than a soluble electrolyte. Boiling Point Elevation Equation The formula used to calculate boiling point elevation is a combination of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation and Raoults law. It is assumed the solute is non-volatile. ΔTb  Ã‚  Kb  Ã‚ ·Ã‚  bB where ΔTb  is the boiling point elevationKb  is the ebullioscopic constant, which depends on the solventbB  is the molality of the solution (typically found in a table) Thus, boiling point elevation is directly proportional to the molal concentration of a chemical solution.

Globalisation as a Cause of Poverty and Inequality Essay

Globalisation as a Cause of Poverty and Inequality - Essay Example    However, the international capital inflows can be reversed to create boom-and-bust cycles that can be detrimental to the social welfare of the affected regions. Globalization encourages labor mobility (Lecher and Boil, 2012). However, skilled and specialized labor force may take advantage of the global market to access markets with high demand and low skill supply. Globalization may also enhance immobility; unskilled workers are prevented from migrating to developed nations. Currently, globalization poses a scenario based on the idyllic view of the general globe where technology and capital have a free flow in a market where access to knowledge and information is vast, efficient markets, and where there is equity in market participation capacities among the households. Globalisation can partially be attributed to the increasing improvements made in the technological field, minimized costs of transportation, as well as due to some deliberate choosing on behalf of many nations to further integrate their economies with the global economy. In essence, globalization refers to capital market liberalization, trade restrictions’ removal, for instance, quotas and tariffs, and free movements of human resources. All these can be considered to be economic globalization’s indicators. The 80s and 90s saw many countries open up their borders leading to reduced restrictions on direct foreign investment as well as curtailing quantitative controls on imports which reduced the tariff rates.   In general, the process of liberalisation and globalisation leads to reduced poverty and high economic growth and development. Globalisation comes in many facets hence a mixed set of outcomes. The argument brought about by anti-globalists is that globalisation has adverse effects on poor people in LDCs. Countries such as the US had thrived in managing the process of globalisation incisively proving that globalisation can be a driving force to economic growth and development and those incapable of managing the process ended up with dismal economic growth and development as well as increased poverty and high inequality in income distribution, showing the adverse effects globalisation can have. A number of issues have been highlighted linking globalisation to inequality: i. Inequal ity rates have increased since the 80s. ii. This high inequality rates are caused by other factors other than the traditional factors i.e. urban bias, education inequality, and concentration of land. iii. High inequality levels can decrease

K 12 Public Education Foundations Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

K 12 Public Education Foundations - Dissertation Example The mushrooming public school foundations owe their unprecedented growth to several reasons. For instance, it is very difficult for schools to procure funds. In addition, accountability of schools has increased manifold. Furthermore, members of the community are provided with a convenient device to involve themselves with local schools and their enterprises (Woodworth). As such, education foundations are non – profit organizations as per the provisions of section 501(c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code. These foundations are affiliated with public school corporations, and they facilitate the establishment of tax-deductible funds to generate grants and scholarships (Robbins, 2009). Such foundations are of immense help to teachers and students. Moreover, section 501(c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code considers education foundations as tax-exempt organizations. In addition, the laws of the state where the foundation is to be established have to be examined, with regard to tax ex emptions. As such, fundraising activity should not commence till such time as a tax exempt status is not granted to the foundation and its donors (Else, Assisting K-12 Education through the National Center for Public and Private School Foundations, 2003). For instance, the National Center for Public and Private School Foundations at the University of Northern Iowa has objectives that take into account the phenomenal growth of school foundations. These objectives consider the requirements of local public school districts and the private schools (Else, Assisting K-12 Education through the National School Foundations Association, 2011). The principal aims of the National Center for Public and Private School Foundations are; first to correlate people and organizations with private and public schools, and to promote support and awareness, by means of school foundations. Second, to help private and public schools, via the development of school foundations, in the task of creating educatio n funds of greater flexibility, and reducing the gap between the lower and higher income districts (Else, Assisting K-12 Education through the National School Foundations Association, 2011). Third, support school personnel in the US in the design, operation and sustaining of school foundations. Fourth, help local foundations by providing expertise and guidelines in the management and development of school foundations. Some of these are fundraising strategies, procedures, policies, management, organization and legal issues (Else, Assisting K-12 Education through the National School Foundations Association, 2011). Fifth, assist the leadership of the school foundation to develop professionally, especially with regard to working meaningfully with the board and in strategic planning. Sixth, conduct research on and adapt the extant research findings with respect to school foundations and determine the crucial factors that affect their success. Seventh, enhance the fundraising capability o f K – 12 schools so that they can effectively address emerging requirements (Else, Assisting K-12 Education through the National Center for Public and Private School Foundations, 2003).

Standard And Non Standard Dialect English Language Essay

Standard And Non Standard Dialect English Language Essay INTRODUCTION Linguists would define language as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication which may consist of several dialects. Here, dialect is a variety of a certain language, spoken in one part of a country (regional dialect), whose difference can be encountered in some words, and/or pronunciation from other forms of the same language. Dialects and their uniqueness in the application have been the sole point of discussion in sociolinguistics, attracting many linguists to learn about them deeply. Indonesia, as the parameter in this paper, consists of many ethnics and cultures with their own unique languages, thus it is likely that Indonesia possesses many local languages. Nonetheless, Bahasa Indonesia is claimed to be a national language that is expected to be a means to unite all citizens despite their different cultural background. In this case, although each region has its own local language, which is distinct and not just a dialect, virtually everyone now speaks Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian Language). In order to unify such a diverse nation, a common language is clearly needed. The phenomenon of dialects along with its variants is the main concern in this paper. THEORITICAL VIEW According to Francis (1992) and Romaine (1994) dialects are the variants or varieties of a language used by different speakers who are separated by geographic or social boundaries. Furthermore, Einer Haugen, as quoted in Hudson (1996) states that English made no distinction between language and dialect, but when the Renaissance period, the term dialect was borrowed from Greek, and it refers to the distinct varieties used in classical Greek in relation to different area and kind of literature. If we look further into a smaller scope of language in Indonesia, every local language will have its own regional dialects. Even within a geographical area which is not very wide, still there is probability that a local language varies. As a consequence, each regional dialect will also have their standard dialect used by the members of that particular regional area. Furthermore, Chambers and Trudgill (1998), quoted in Hudson (2000) stated that a dialect is popularly considered to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a sub-standard, low status, often rustic form of a language, lacking in prestige.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Meanwhile standard dialect is used within the area and might not be understood by people coming from outside of the area. A standard language (also standard dialect, standardized dialect) is a particular variety of a language that is considered to be prestigious within a speech community. The standard will usually be institutionalized, often by being given legal status, and then used as the norm in mass media, education, and other social institutions. DISCUSSION The explanation above grants us view that standard dialect is different with non-standard dialect which is called regional dialect. We can see the differences between them in terms of their function as well as the area where they are applied. Related with its function, standard dialect will be used universally and usually known by the whole user of the regional dialects of the same language. In regard to the area, the standard dialect is known and widely used by every person in a particularly wide area where that language being used meanwhile the non-standard dialects or regional dialects is the dialect that is used in a relatively smaller area. Here, commonly, local language shows from which province/area we come from and regional dialects shows from which area in certain province we come from. It means that standard dialect has a wider range than non-standard dialects. As one of the local language in Indonesia, Balinese language can be a good example in describing the varieties of dialects in certain area in Indonesia. Balinese language is the official language for Balinese community which is used at any formal situation in the Balinese society such as community meeting, wedding ceremony, priest speech at the temple etc. There are some dialects of Balinese language in Bali, usually based on the regency where it is spoken, so commonly there is Gianyar dialect, Bangli dialect, Tabanan dialect, Negara dialect and so on. However, no matter what dialect it is, the language,in this case Balinese Language basically is the same both in terms of grammar and syntax. They are just slightly different in the tone/rhythm, pronunciation, and few vocabularies. Most importantly, Balinese people speaking different dialects can still understand each other at the very least. Compared some Balinese words such as : Tuba = poison, Bubu = basket fish trap, Pedau = boat, Layar = sail, Talas = Taro, Ubi = Yam, Tebu = sugar cane, Nyuh = coconut, Lemo = citrus, Pandan = pandanus, Buah = areca. Among those smaller groups of languages further variations or dialect can be still found especially the level of morphemic construction and phonemes. It is interesting to find that beside various dialects that exist in Balinese language, there is also the difference in intonation. The group of intonation does not necessarily bring into one as a unit of dialect. In the future with the presence of modern communication means as an interface of human being, this intonation and dialects will move toward homogenous elements. So, the dialects among Balinese people are mostly similar in grammatical aspect but are different in term of intonation, vocabularies and accent. The nature of the existence of cultural dialect is not aimed to give limitation to the freedom of expression, apparently it is to give view that expressions may differ across cultural groups. The standardized expressions served as a control for the perceiver effects discussed above such as greater motivation or preference for oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own perceived ethnic group, stereotypes about the likely emotions experienced by different groups, and decoding rules which should all be equal when judging these two sets of expressions. For these reasons, we argue that regional dialects may vary in their impact across emotions. However, although there are several aspects that differentiate those regional dialects in certain local language, we cannot absolutely determine exactly which dialect belong to certain area, or which vocabularies or intonation belong to certain dialect, etc. The line between them is not clear and the most critical standards of differentiating them rely on the social facts as well as the linguistic facts itself. As what is explained above, sometimes when the people with different dialect (although with the same standard language) meet each other, they can feel strange, funny or the worst they cannot understand the meaning of certain statement used by their partner. This is how dialects are being evaluated within the social community. There is no such term better or best dialect, there is only the feeling of being accustomed and not accustomed to a certain dialcet. For example, Balinese language. When Tabanan people with Tabanan dialect talk each other, they can understand each other and the conversation goes well as usual. But when Tabanan people meet Singaraja people that also have their own dialect, there will be something unusual. Tabanan people may feel strange or even funny because the different with their own dialect, but the same thing will happen with Singaraja people, too. So, these dialects which are different from one area to another area in Bali, can be such a characteristic of t hat area that can help the people from another area identify where they come from. The point here is that every people have to respect each other in terms of dialect use. They can have different dialect but, to make the conversation safe, they can use the standard dialect. So, everything about dialect itself is evaluated by the community in which, there is no absolute decision about this evaluation because everyone can have their own evaluation about these dialects. The people who use dialect itself are the social community where that dialect exists. As a matter of fact, any dialect will not last unless the community uses it. Here, the language will be formed based on the culture in that area and becomes tradition from one generation to the next. These dialects usually can be learnt by the community through the daily conversation. For those, who become native speaker of that dialect, it can be formed and acquired naturally because their environment. Furthermore, for those who are not native speakers of that dialect, this dialect also can be learnt through a frequent use of dialect itself. For example the one who firstly used Gianyar dialect, but because he/she lives in Singaraja for a long time and usually make interactions and conversations with Singarajaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s people, he/she can use Singaraja dialect also. He/she will automatically follow the dominating dialect because that is the dialect in his/her new environment. CONCLUSION In conclusion, language as a means of communication might be found varied. The variation is known as dialects, whose differences comprise intonation, pronunciation, as well as vocabulary. The dialects within the society exist in two forms namely the standard and non standard dialect. Both of the variants share one thing in common, that is they are of the same language. However, the differences between them are that standardized dialect is considered to be more prestigious, and is applied in wider area compared with the non standard dialect. Dialects are acquired through the daily conversation, through other people who are involved in a talk. Thus, any dialect that has ever been created should be kept in use in order for the dialect itself not to be perished.

Power of Choice Revealed in Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken :: Road Not Taken essays

The Power of Choice Revealed in The Road Not Taken      Ã‚  Ã‚  Frost's flare for using nature to and man's interaction with it to relate powerful philosophical messages are expressed in his renownd poem, "The Road Not Taken". "The Road Not Taken" by Robert Frost is a very powerful poem with one basic philosophical theme: individuality comes down to being able to choose between the popular choice or societal norms and a choice less explored. In other words, the central meaning of this poem is that one should not make a decision because it reflects popular opinion-one should make sound choices because of their benefits to the individual-because choosing unique alternative could make all the difference. What does Frost mean by the "road less traveled by (19)"? Much of the poem suggests that Frost's use of the word "road" is metaphorical and not literal. "Road" as used by Frost refers to a decision or a choice. However, by using the literal application of roads, Frost shows that deciding which road to take will determine the outcome of one's journey, much like a decision will determine the outcome of one's goals and aspirations. Frost chooses to the take the road that "was grassy and wanted wear" (8). Why? Clearly, like a unique idea, the less traveled road may lead to a different sense of realization where only few men have been. Thus, the "road less traveled by" clearly speaks of Frost's personal endeavor to be different or unique. He did not want to follow in the footsteps of conformity; this is why he takes the road less traveled by. Frost alludes to the fact that a traveler cannot take two roads at the same time-he/she must choose between the two. The main reason for making this assertion is to show that we cannot abide by two decisions about a particular goal in our life at the same time. Consequently, we must weigh our decisions carefully. Note Frost says "I took the one less traveled by, / And that has made all the difference" (19-20). What does this say about how we should make our decision? Clearly, this infers that we should not make our decisions based on popular opinions. In other words, we should not make a decision because it works for everyone else; we should make a decision because it is right for our circumstance -- because it could make all the difference.

Suicide and Adolescent Psychology

Adolescent Psychology is a difficult specialty within the field. Many of the normal phases of adolescent development look like pathologies, and perhaps would be classified as such if the patients were adults. Thus, it is difficult, even for a trained professional, to tell the difference between a true pathology, and a â€Å"normal† mood or personality pattern associated with adolescent development.An area where this deficiency can lead to grave circumstances is the realm of adolescent depression and suicide. Although true suicidal tendencies can be difficult to spot in adolescent behavior, timely identification and proper treatment are important goals of Adolescent psychologists. Although causal theories differ, the treatment of teen suicide attempts and depression is fairly consistent across adolescent theorists.Typical symptomology of suicidal tendencies in adults has several features. (Symptoms†¦2007) The underlying psychological cause of such ideations is usually depr ession. (Symptoms†¦2007) Symptoms of depression include sleeping pattern disruptions, feelings of low self-worth, loss of interest in pleasurable activities and lack of energy.(Symptoms†¦2007) One of the key indicators that a depressed adult is contemplating suicide is self-report. (Symptoms†¦2007) Often, adults are not treated for suicidal depression until after they had made an attempt on their own life. (Symptoms†¦2007)   Treatment for long-term depression in adults typically consists of medication and extensive therapy. (Symptoms†¦2007)They type and length of therapy is contingent on many factors. (Symptoms†¦2007) These include the specialty of the therapist, the diagnosed underlying condition, and the severity of the depressive state. Similarly, the medical regime for adults with suicidal depression varies as a function of the underlying psychological cause for the depression. (Symptoms†¦2007)Typical depressive mood disorders are treated wit h anti-depressants, while personality or perception disorders, which can lead to a secondary depressive condition, are better treated with medication targeted to the underlying disorder. (Symptoms†¦2007)As complicated as the diagnosis and treatment of suicidal depression is in adults, it is even more so in the adolescent population. (Teen Suicide†¦2005)   Suicide is the third-most common cause of death among individuals between the ages of fifteen and twenty-four. (Teen Suicide†¦2005)  There are large gender differences in accounting for teen suicide, but they are explained more by the methods used, than any particular predilection toward the act. (Teen Suicide†¦2005)   83% of adolescent suicides are males, whereas females make more attempts at suicide.(Teen Suicide†¦2005)   The discrepancy can be explained by the fact that males are far more likely to use a gun in their attempts, while the method of choice for females is pills. (Teen Suicide†¦2 005)   Of the two, the chances for success are much higher among those who use a gun. (Teen Suicide†¦2005)  According to the National institute of Mental health, successful suicides among adolescents number about 8 in 100,000. (Teen Suicide†¦2005)     Attempts at suicide are estimated to be much higher. (Teen Suicide†¦2005)The National Youth Violence Prevention Resource center found that about one in five teens think about suicide, one in six have actually planned for it, and one in twelve had attempted suicide in the past year(Teen Suicide†¦2005)   . As is the case with adults, most (about 90%) of adolescent suicide victims have an underlying mental disorder. (Teen Suicide†¦2005)One moder theory of suicide in adolescence is espoused by Dr. David Elkind. He posits that there is a gap between physical and psychological development, which causes stress in the adolescent. (Elkind, 1998) Dr. Elkind theorizes that teenagers, who are often treated as adu lts at home and in schools, are not as complete in their psychological development as they are in their physical development.(Elkind, 1998) This results, opines Dr. Elkind in a stressful dissonance that can lead to suicidal ideation. (Elkind, 1998)   Additionally, exposing an adolescent to adult-type stressors, such as deadlines, appointments and specific goal-driven activities can cause stress. (Elkind, 1998)   This stress can lead to depression and suicide. (Elkind, 1998)On the other side of the coin, Dr. Elkind believes that over scheduling a young child may leave him or her bored when the structure surrounding the child disappears in their teen years. (Elkind, 1998) This subsequent lack of direction can also lead to depression. (Elkind, 1998)This theory suggests a preventative viewpoint on teen suicide. (Elkind, 1998)   Once an adolescent articulates a desire for suicide, or makes the attempt, Dr. Elkind recommends the standard psychological treatment, and medication, if w arranted. (Elkind, 1998)A more environmental viewpoint is espoused by Dr. Bronfenbrenner. (Paquette & Ryan, n.d.)   He views human development as an interaction between individuals and a system of bioecological systems. (Paquette & Ryan, n.d.) He views any psychopathology, including teen depression or suicide as a dysfunction whose development is engendered by deficiencies in the mesosystem (immediate social surroundings) of the individual.(Paquette & Ryan, n.d.) This approach to development does not lend itself particularly well to the treatment phase of suicide in adolescents, rather, it offers a socially-constructed theory for the phenomenon. (Paquette & Ryan, n.d.)Preventative â€Å"treatment† in this paradigm would consist of fostering a healthy, positive mesosystem around the individual, so that they might develop in a psychologically healthy manner. Again, one is forced to conclude that an already-depressed or suicidal teen would be best served by therapy and possibl e pharmaceutical remedies. (Paquette & Ryan, n.d.)A more cognitive approach to adolescent behavior is espoused by Dr. Robert Selman. (Selman’s†¦2002) His theories, which are derived from those of Piaget, rely on modeling and other cognitive methods to explain behavior. (Selman’s†¦2002)As such, he would explain the phenomenon of adolescent suicide as a response to a social context where such behavior is observed to have a positive outcome. (Selman’s†¦2002) Rarely would the cues be direct, but cultural stimuli such as music, television, and movies could inadvertently (or blatantly) glamorize the practice of suicide, and compel an adolescent, especially one who already suffers from depression or some other psychological ailment to attempt suicide. (Selman’s†¦2002)  Of these theories, the one whose suggested treatment appears to be most effective is Selman’s. Cognitive therapy has been found to decrease repeated suicide attempts b y 50%. (Asher, 2005) While this particular study focused on adults, there is little reason to think that the results would be demonstrably different with adolescents.(Asher, 2005) Interestingly, the same cannot be said of pharmaceutical treatment options. (DeNoon, 2002) It has been shown that teens who take antidepressants actually have an increased rate of suicide than those who do not. (DeNoon, 2002) Recent evidence suggests, however, that the same studies prove that the conclusion drawn from the data was erroneous, as the scientists failed to control for other variables such as severity of the depression, and other factors.(DeNoon, 2002)   Despite these conflicting findings, or perhaps because of them, a therapist should be cautious about â€Å"throwing drugs at the problem† and dismissing a patient with a prescription. (DeNoon, 2002)   In addition to the pitfalls of possible adverse effects of the drugs themselves, this kind of treatment is far more vulnerable to nega tive outcomes hinged on misdiagnosis.(DeNoon, 2002)   If a closely monitored patient is found to have another type of disorder, to which depression is merely a secondary characteristic, that therapist can make the appropriate pharmacological and therapeutic revisions. (DeNoon, 2002)   If, on the other hand, an underlying condition is missed, and the patient dismissed with antidepressants, the results could be tragic. (DeNoon, 2002)Owing to the nature of serotonin-stimulating drugs, which most antidepressants are, an effect of a non-depressed person taking this medication is the onset of severe depression. (DeNoon, 2002)   This would result in the therapist causing the very symptoms he or she is attempting to relieve. (DeNoon, 2002)The main commonality of all of these perspectives is the need to monitor closely the disposition of the patient. The only way to differentiate true depression from a phasic anomaly of normal adolescent development is to observe the behavior and respo nses over a long period of time.For example, behavior that might be characterized as bipolar, buts of high energy and enthusiasm contrasted with lethargy and depression may be the normal reaction to hormone development in an adolescent. Without context, it is almost impossible to tell the difference Thus, the best preventative measure would be to treat any suicidal ideation as a serious symptom and have a therapist interact for a long period with the adolescent. ReferencesAsher, J. (2005). â€Å"Cognitive Therapy Reduces Repeat Suicide Attempts by 50 Percent.† Retrieved October 28th, 2008 from The National Institutes of Health (NIH) website: http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/aug2005/nimh-02a.htm  DeNoon, D. (2002) â€Å"Teen Suicide, Antidepressant Link Questioned.† Retrieved October 28th, 2008 from WebMD website:http://www.webmd.com/depression/news/20041215/teen-suicide-antidepressant-link-questionedElkind, D. (1998) All Grown Up and No Place To Go. Peresus Publishing, Cam bridge, MA. Pp. 1-290.Paquette, D. & Ryan, J. (n.d.) â€Å"Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory.† Retrieved October 28th, 2008 from National-Louis University website:http://pt3.nl.edu/paquetteryanwebquest.pdfâ€Å"Selman's Five Stages of Perspective Taking,† (2002) Retrieved October 28th, 2008 from Everything-2 website:http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1275038â€Å"Symptoms of Depression†. (2007) retrieved October 28th, 2008 from Psychology 24Ãâ€"7 website:http://www.psychiatry24x7.com/bgdisplay.jhtml?itemname=depression_symptomsâ€Å"Teen Suicide Statistics.† (2005) retrieved October 28th, 2008 from Teen Depression website: http://www.teendepression.org/articles1.html